红花(Carthamus tinctorious L., 2n＝24)，菊科，主要栽培将其种子用于制作植物油和鸟食(Lie and Mundel, 1996; Yadava et al., 2012)。传统上，它被用于食品着色，织物绘画，蔬菜和药物(McGuire et al., 2012)。它也可以替代干草或青贮(Smith, 1996)，同时它还是一种埃塞俄比亚和苏丹的小吃(Belayneh and Wolde Mariam, 1991)。红花作为一种油料作物，在埃塞俄比亚和印度都具有悠久的栽培历史(Weiss, 2000)，在埃塞俄比亚当地被称为“suff”(Ashri, 1957; Smith, 1996)。尽管有所争议，埃塞俄比亚还是被提议作为红花发展的主要中心(Vavilov, 1951)。埃塞俄比亚是第四个世界领先的红花生产国，仅次于印度、美国、墨西哥(Yadava et al., 2012)。在埃塞俄比亚，根据CSA(2008/9)数据显示，它的种植面积达到7 853公顷，以每公顷0.9吨的产量计算，它的产量有6 581.4吨。作物有在不同条件下生长的巨大潜力(Golkar, 2014)。红花是一种拥有发达根系能从地下深层土壤中吸取水分的长期作物。它具有耐干耐热的特性，可在干旱和半干旱地区种植(Lie and Mundel, 1996)。尽管它有很大的价值，它的生产却被局限于埃塞俄比亚，这或许是由于缺乏作物意识和相对较低的生产力及研究关注。尽管如此，红花在埃塞俄比亚作为一种替代油料作物仍然十分重要。为了提高红花的生产和生产效率，应对作物产量的提高给予适当的关注。

由于产量是一个复杂的性状，在努力改进的过程中，确定组成性状的关系，以及因果关系是间接选择提高红花的产量潜力必不可少的 (Singh, 1991; Consentino et al., 1997; Patil, 1998; Omidi, 2001; Mahasi et al., 2006; Mozaffari and Asadi, 2006; Ahmadzadeh et al., 2012)。研究表明，红花中单株穗数与种产量呈显著正相关(Nezhad and Talebi, 2015; Shinwari et al., 2014)。Ahmadzadeh(2013)报道称，单穗种子数和种产量之间显著正相关。他还表明，单穗种子的数量对红花的种产量有直接的正面影响。这项研究主要是为了确定性状的关联，以及鉴别这些性状对红花产量的直接和间接的影响。

1结果与分析

经测量的性状关联已被记录(表1)。记录显示种子产量与开花天数(0.190)、株高(0.234)，头状花序数(0.172)和百粒重(0.197)之间存在显著正相关。株高、头状花序和百粒重之间得到了相似的结果(Omidi, 1994; Johnson et al., 2001; Omidi, 2001; Arslan, 2007; Omidi et al., 2009; Ahmadzadeh, 2013)。种产量和单株粒数(0.834)呈正相关。株高和分枝数(0.307)，头状花序数(0.518)及单株粒数(0.309)呈显著正相关。分枝数与头状花序数(0.547)呈正相关。头状花序数与单株粒数(0.321)呈显著相关。研究还显示，头状花序数与单花序种子数(0.177)之间呈正相关，这与Consentino等人的研究结果一致(1997)。单花序种子数和单株粒数(0.231)也呈正相关。在本研究中，种质性状的相关性可能是基因的多效性作用的结果，也可能是自然选择(Falconer, 1986)的压力作用的结果。

分路径分析表明，开花期、株高、分枝数、单株粒数和百粒重对红花的种产量有直接的积极影响，而头状花序，单花序种子数产生直接的负效应(表2)。记录显示，单株种子数和百粒重对种子产量有最高的正向直接影响。因此，以提高红花的种子产量为选择标准考虑这些性状将是值得的。类似的结果也有过报道(Eslam et al., 2010; Ahmadzadeh et al., 2012)。还有报道称百粒重具有高度的正面直接效应(Mahasi et al., 2006; Patil et al, 1994; Ashri et al., 1976; Uslu et al., 1997; Lahane et al., 1999)，单株头状花序是产量构成中最重要的部分。在这项研究中，种子产量与头状花序数呈正相关是通过单株粒数这一特性的间接影响的结果，这是最重要的产量构成中所描绘的路径分析。

​  表 2 7个性状对红花种子产量的间接和间接影响 注: *, **分别在P≤0.05和P≤0.01的水平; DF: 开花天数; PH: 株高; NB: 分枝数; NC: 头状花序数; NSC: 单花序种子数; NSP: 单株粒数; HSW: 百粒重; r: 单株种子产量的相关性

2材料与方法

这项研究是在Holetta农业研究中心(东经38°, 北纬9°)进行的，在2012种植季期间，使用了160种红花和两种对照标准(表3)，不带刺的图尔卡纳种质和带刺的当地种质；从生物多样性研究所得到的埃塞俄比亚种质，其中96.9%是带刺的(表3)。我们利用增强设计进行了实验研究。每个种质播种在两排长0.5米，间距0.3米的地块上。其他栽培试验均按要求进行。每种种质随机抽取十株来确定表型性状如开花期，株高(cm)，单株分枝数、单株的头状花序，单花序种子数、单株粒数、单株种子产量(g)和百粒重(g)。使用agrobasetm统计软件确定了皮尔森相关系数(agronomix软件有限公司, 加拿大)。路径分析则是根据Dewey和Lu(1959)提出的方法进行。

作者贡献

第一作者完成了对数据的分析和解释以及手稿的解释，第二作者对概念、设计和数据的获取以及最终稿的修改做出了实质性的贡献。

致谢

作者对高原石油作物商品研究技术人员为收集本实验的数据做出的贡献表示感谢。

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